Amazon will also almost always ship their product within a day. I can almost always order something with my Prime membership Monday and have it on Wednesday with no extra shipping costs[1]. The 3rd party? Who knows. It might take them a day or two to ship. Or more.
[1] Ignoring the $75 annual fee for Prime, of course.
Yes there's definitely the prime vs non prime vs 3rd party price differences.
But are you sure there's no evidence of what he references? He seems pretty explicit, and it seems a very odd conclusion w/no specific evidence: "prices on offer to different customers varying for the same product, presumably on the basis of the customer's willingness to pay more for goods in prior transactions."
When I read an article linked from Hacker News, then read some comments that are generally not tearing it to pieces, I assume the author must have some credibility and therefore is not throwing out conclusions for fun. Also, I have a minor in inferring existence of fascinating undetected evidence.
So you have a product that is priced like: Amazon.com: $14.99 with $5 shipping (free for Prime) 3rd Party: $12.99 with $3 shipping.
Amazon will show Prime members the first one, and non-Prime members the 2nd one.